Autonomous communities of Spain
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An autonomous community (Spanish: Comunidad Autónoma) is the first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. The second article of the constitution recognizes the rights of "regions and nationalities" to self-government and declares the "indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation".[1][2]
Political power in Spain is channeled by a central government and 17 autonomous communities. These regional governments are responsible for schools, universities, health, social services, culture, urban and rural development and, in some places, policing.[3] There are also two autonomous cities. In all, under the autonomías system, Spain has been quoted to be "remarkable for the extent of the powers peacefully devolved over the past 30 years"[4] and "an extraordinarily decentralised country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending; the regional governments 38%, the local councils 13% and the social-security system the rest.[3]
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Constitutional framework
Upon the passing of the Constitution of 1978, Spain created a unique system of regional autonomy, known as the "state of the autonomies".[1] The second article of the constitution grants the right of self-government to the regions and nationalities that compose the Spanish nation.[2] In the exercise of the right to self-government recognized in that article, autonomy was to be granted to:[5]
- two or more adjacent provinces with common historical, cultural and economical characteristics,
- insular territories, and
- a single province with historical identity or status.
As such, the province, which is also a territorial local entity recognized by the constitution,[6] serves as the framework from which the autonomous communities were to be created. However, the constitution allows exceptions to the above, namely that the Spanish Parliament reserves the right to:[7]
- authorize, in the nation's interest, the constitution of an autonomous community even if it is a single province without a historical regional identity; and
- authorize or grant autonomy to those entities or territories that are not constituted as provinces.
Once an autonomous community had been constituted, the 145th article of the constitution prohibits the federation or union of two or more autonomous communities.[8] Between 1979 and 1983, all the regions in Spain had been constituted as autonomous communities; in 1996 the process was closed when the autonomous status of Ceuta and Melilla was passed:
- Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia—as "historical nationalities"—[1] were granted autonomy through a fast and simplified process;
- Andalusia was not a historical nationality (one that a had a statute of autonomy before the Civil War). However, Andalusia was able to accomplish the requirements established by Congress to develop their autonomy through the fast process.
- Aragon, Castilla y León, Castile-La Mancha, Extremadura and the Valencian Community were granted autonomy as communities integrated by two or more provinces with common historical characteristics;
- the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands were granted autonomy as insular territories, the former comprising two provinces;
- Cantabria, Asturias, La Rioja, and the Region of Murcia were granted autonomy as single provinces with historical regional identity, as well as Navarra, even though the latter was granted autonomy through the "update and improvement" of the medieval charters (in Spanish fueros);
- the Community of Madrid was constituted for the nation's interest;[9]
- Ceuta and Melilla, both cities, were granted autonomy—albeit limited—in spite of not being provinces themselves, in exercise of the rights reserved by the Spanish Parliament.
As a general rule, the autonomies who were granted its autonomy through the fast process have more competences and higher levels of autonomy. These competences and autonomy rights are not defined in a closed list, they can change over time.
Political organization of the autonomous communities
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The basic institutional law of the autonomous community is the Statute of Autonomy. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the denomination of the community according to its historical identity, the limits of their territories, the name and organization of the institutions of government and the rights they enjoy according the constitution.[10]
The government of all autonomous communities must be based on a division of powers comprising:
- a Legislative Assembly whose members must be elected by universal suffrage according to the system of proportional representation and in which all areas that integrate the territory are fairly represented;
- a Government Council, with executive and administrative functions headed by a president, elected by the Legislative Assembly and nominated by the King of Spain;
- a Supreme Court of Justice, under the Supreme Court of the State, which head the judicial organization within the autonomous community.
Besides Andalusia, Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia, which identified themselves as nationalities, other communities have also taken that denomination in accordance to their historical regional identity, such as the Valencian Community,[11] the Canary Islands,[12] the Balearic Islands,[13] and Aragon.[14]
The autonomous communities have wide legislative and executive autonomy, with their own parliaments and regional governments. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy. There used to be a clear de facto distinction between so called "historic" communities (Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, Andalusia) and the rest. The "historic" ones initially received more functions, including the ability of the regional presidents to choose the timing of the regional elections (as long as they happen no more than four years apart). As another example, the Basque Country, Navarre and Catalonia have full-range police forces of their own: Ertzaintza in the Basque Country, Policía Foral in Navarre and Mossos d'Esquadra in Catalonia. Other communities have a more limited force or none at all (like the Policía Autónoma Andaluza[15] in Andalusia or the BESCAM in Madrid). However, the recent amendments made to their respective Statute of Autonomy by a series of "ordinary" Autonomous Communities such as the Valencian Community or Aragon have quite dilluted this original de facto distinction.
Subdivisions
Autonomous communities are composed of provinces (provincias), which serve as the territorial building blocks for the former. In turn, provinces are composed of municipalities (municipios). The existence of these two subdivisions is granted and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs, and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State.[16]
The current fifty province structure is based—with minor changes—on the one created in 1833 by Javier de Burgos. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid, Murcia and Navarre, having been granted autonomy as single-provinces for historical reasons, are counted as provinces as well.
Devolution of powers and the creation of the autonomous communities
Centralism, nationalism, and separatism played an important role in the Spanish transition. For fear that separatism would lead to instability and a dictatorial backlash, a compromise was struck among the moderate political parties taking part in the drafting of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The aim was to appease separatist forces and so disarm the extreme right. A highly decentralized state was established, compared to both the previous centralist Francoist regime and the most modern territorial arrangements in Western European nations. In this regard, the current Spanish Estado de las Autonomías is often dubbed as one of the most decentralized states in Europe.[17][18]
The constitution classified the autonomous communities to be created into two groups. Each group had a different route to accede to autonomy and was to be granted a different level of power and responsibility.[1] Catalonia, the Basque Country, and Galicia were designated "historic nationalities"[1][19] and granted autonomy through a rapid and simplified process. These three regions had voted on and approved a Statute of Autonomy in the past.
While the Constitution was still being drafted, there was a popular outcry in Andalusia for its own right to autonomy, with over a million and a half people demonstrating in the streets on 4 December 1977, which led the creation of a special quicker process for autonomy for that region, although it was not originally considered a historical nationality.[1][19] Eventually, all regions could be granted autonomy, if they complied with the requirements set forth in the constitution, and if their people wished to do so; and four additional communities self-identified as "nationalities" as well as the four already mentioned.
Between 1979 and 1983 the majority of the regions were constituted as autonomous communities, in accordance with the 143rd or 151st articles of the constitution. Nonetheless the case of the province of Madrid was exceptional. Since it was not a province with a separate historical regional identity, but was part of the cultural region of Castile, it was considered a natural province that would compose the soon-to-be Community of Castile-La Mancha. During the process that led to the autonomy of this region, the old rivalry between Toledo and Madrid resurfaced; as capital of Spain, Madrid was to enjoy a degree of self-government, whereas Castilians demanded absolute equality amongst the constituent provinces of the community, and thus excluded Madrid from their project of self-government. Other alternatives included the incorporation of Madrid to the community of Castile and León (the historical region of Old Castile) or its controversial constitution as something similar to a "Federal District" or territory, emulating Mexico City, or Washington, D.C.[9] Finally, they opted for the creation of a single-province autonomous community; however for want of a historical regional identity, Madrid was granted autonomy "in the nation's interest" through the prerogatives of the 144th article.[20]
The Basque Country and Navarra were also exceptional cases. While the Basque Country was granted autonomy through the rapid process granted to the "nationalities", it also retained the economic and fiscal autonomy it had enjoyed through the fueros or charters. Navarra was granted autonomy through the "update and improvement" of the medieval charters. As such, it is the only region that does not have a Statute of Autonomy per se, instead autonomy was via a "Law of Reintegration and Improvement of the Chartered Regime". In theory, Navarra is the only first-level political division that is not an "autonomous community" but a "chartered community", but in practice, except for the fiscal autonomy it enjoys along with the Basque Country, it is administratively constituted as any other autonomous community and is represented in the Spanish Parliament like the rest. Although the constitution forbids the federation or union of autonomous communities, an addendum or "transitional provision" to the constitution makes an exclusion whereby Navarra could join the Basque Country if the people chose to do so.[21]
Leonese administrations proposed a Leonese Autonomous Community for the Province of León, as a continuity of the Leonese Region comprising León, Salamanca and Zamora provinces created in 1833. The Kingdom of León and Diputación Provincial de León (Leónese Provincial Government); and many municipalities including León and Ponferrada; supported this model (some of them supported the Leonese Autonomous Community as an "Historical Nationality"). The Tribunal Constitucional of Spain rejected the Leonese proposal in 1984, and León was joined with Castile to create the "Castile and León Autonomous Community", only supported by 4% of Leonese municipalities.[22]
List of the communities and provinces
| Name Local name(s) |
Capital | Provinces | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|
 AndalusiaSp. Andalucía |
Seville (Government, Parliament and Ombudsman) Sp. Sevilla Granada (High Court of Justice) |
Almería | Almería |
| Cádiz | Cádiz | ||
| Córdoba | Córdoba | ||
| Granada | Granada | ||
| Huelva | Huelva | ||
| Jaén | Jaén | ||
| Málaga | Málaga | ||
| Seville Sp. Sevilla |
Seville Sp. Sevilla |
||
| Aragon Sp. Aragón Ar.[23]Aragón |
Saragossa Sp.Zaragoza |
Sp. Huesca Ar.[23] Uesca |
Sp. Huesca Ar.[23] Uesca |
| Sp. Teruel Ar.[23] Tergüel |
Sp. Teruel Ar.[23] Tergüel |
||
| Saragossa Sp.Zaragoza |
Saragossa Sp.Zaragoza |
||
| Principality of Asturias: Sp.. Principado de Asturias Ast.[23] Principáu d'Asturies |
Oviedo Sp. Oviedo Ast.[23] Uviéu |
Sp. Asturias Ast.[23] Asturies |
Sp. Oviedo Ast.[23] Uviéu |
| Balearic Islands Sp. Islas Baleares Cat.Illes Balears (official) |
Palma of Majorca Sp.Palma de Mallorca Cat. Palma (official) |
Balearic Islands Sp. Islas Baleares Cat. Illes Balears (official) |
Palma of Majorca Sp.Palma de Mallorca Cat. Palma (official) |
| Basque Country Sp.. Euskadi, País Vasco, Comunidad Autónoma Vasca Ba.. Euskadi, Euskal Autonomi Erkidegoa |
Vitoria Sp. Vitoria Ba.Vitoria-Gasteiz (official), Gasteiz (historic) Vitoria (historic) |
Sp. Álava Ba.Araba |
Sp. Vitoria Ba. Gasteiz |
| Sp. Guipúzcoa Ba. Gipuzkoa |
Sp. San Sebastián Ba. Donostia |
||
| Biscay Sp. Vizcaya Ba. Bizkaia |
Bilbao Sp. Bilbao Ba. Bilbo |
||
| Canary Islands Sp. Islas Canarias |
Santa Cruz de Tenerife/ Las Palmas de Gran Canaria |
Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Santa Cruz de Tenerife |
| Las Palmas | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria | ||
| Cantabria |
Santander | Cantabria | Santander |
| Castile-La Mancha Sp. Castilla-La Mancha |
Toledo (Regional Government and Parliament) Albacete (Superior Court of Justice and Ombudsman) |
Albacete | Albacete |
| Ciudad Real | Ciudad Real | ||
| Cuenca | Cuenca | ||
| Guadalajara | Guadalajara | ||
| Toledo | Toledo | ||
| Castile and León Sp. Castilla y León |
Valladolid (Regional Government and Parliament) Burgos (Superior Court of Justice) León Le.Llión (Ombudsman) |
Ávila | Ávila |
| Burgos | Burgos | ||
| Sp. León Le. Llión |
Sp. León Le. Llión |
||
| Palencia | Palencia | ||
| Sp. Salamanca Le. Salamanca |
Sp. Salamanca Le. Salamanca |
||
| Segovia | Segovia | ||
| Soria | Soria | ||
| Valladolid | Valladolid | ||
| Sp. Zamora Le. Zamora |
Sp. Zamora Le. Zamora |
||
| Catalonia Sp. Cataluña Cat. Catalunya (official) |
Barcelona | Barcelona | Barcelona |
| Sp. Gerona Cat. Girona (official) |
Sp. Gerona Cat. Girona (official) |
||
| Sp. Lérida Cat. Lleida (official) |
Sp. Lérida Cat. Lleida (official) |
||
| Tarragona | Tarragona | ||
| Extremadura |
Mérida | Badajoz | Badajoz |
| Cáceres | Cáceres | ||
| Galicia Sp. Galicia Gl. Galicia, Galiza |
Santiago de Compostela (Regional Government, Parliament and Ombudsman) Corunna (High Court of Justice) Sp. La Coruña Gl.A Coruña |
Corunna Sp. La Coruña Gl. A Coruña |
Corunna Sp. La Coruña Gl. A Coruña |
| Lugo | Lugo | ||
| Sp. Orense Gl.Ourense |
Sp. Orense Gl.Ourense |
||
| Pontevedra | Pontevedra | ||
| La Rioja |
Logroño | La Rioja | Logroño |
| Madrid |
Madrid | Madrid | Madrid |
| Region of Murcia Sp. Región de Murcia |
Murcia (Government, Ombudsman, High Court of Justice) Cartagena (Parliament) |
Murcia | Murcia |
 Foral Community of NavarreSp. Comunidad Foral de Navarra Ba. Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea |
Pamplona Sp. Pamplona Ba. Iruña |
Navarre Sp. Navarra Ba. Nafarroa |
Pamplona Sp. Pamplona Ba. Iruña |
| Valencian Community Sp. Comunidad Valenciana Vl.-Cat. Comunitat Valenciana (official) |
Valencia Sp. Valencia Cat. València |
Sp. Alicante Cat. Alacant |
Sp. Alicante Cat. Alacant |
| Sp. Castellón Cat. Castelló |
Sp. Castellón de la Plana Cat. Castelló de la Plana |
||
| Sp. Valencia Cat. València |
Sp. Valencia Cat. València |
See also:
- Ranked list of Spanish autonomous communities
- List of ISO 3166 codes for Spanish autonomous communities and provinces
Autonomous cities and "plazas de soberanía"
Ceuta and Melilla are called "ciudades autónomas" (autonomous cities). Their status is in between regular cities and autonomous communities: on the one side, Ceuta and Melilla autonomous parliaments cannot enact "autonomous" laws, but, on the other side, they can enact regulations to execute laws, which are greater regulatory powers than those of regular city councils.
There are three plazas de soberanía ("places of sovereignty") near North Africa as follows, opposite the Iberian Peninsula, uninhabited other than for military personnel:
- Chafarinas Islands
- Peñón de Alhucemas
- Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera
Nowadays the Perejil Island is considered a neutral territory between Spain and Morocco, but it is dominated by Spain de facto as fourth plaza de soberanía. Today the Alborán Island is part of the municipality of Almería, in the homonymous province.
See also
- Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain
- Catalan constitutions
- Coats of arms of the autonomous communities of Spain
- Comarcas of Spain
- Flags of the autonomous communities of Spain
- List of municipalities of Spain
- Nationalities and regions of Spain
- Nationalities in Spain
- Provinces of Spain
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Regional Government". Spain. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Accessed 10 December 2007
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Preliminary Title. Second Article. Spanish Constitution of 1978. Accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "A survey of Spain: How much is enough?". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12501023. Retrieved 25 August 2010.(subscription required)
- ↑ Mallet, Victor (18 August 2010). "Flimsier footings". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 25 August 2010. (registration required)
- ↑ Chapter 3. Autonomous Communities. 143rd Article. Spanish Constitution of 1978. Accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ Chapter 3. Autonomous Communities. 141st Article. Spanish Constitution of 1978. Accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ Chapter 3. Autonomous Communities. 144th Article. Spanish Constitution of 1978. Accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ Chapter 3. Autonomous Communities. 145th Article. Spanish Constitution of 1978. Accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sinópsis del Estatuto de Autonomia de la Comunidad de Madrid. Congreso de los Diputados. Accessed: 10 December 1979
- ↑ Chapter 3. Autonomous Communities. 147th Article. Spanish Constitution of 1978. Accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ Estatut d'Autonomia de la Comunitat Valenciana, 2006
- ↑ Nuevo Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias
- ↑ Estatut d'Autonomia de les Illes Balears, 2007
- ↑ Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón
- ↑ Cartujo.org. "Unidad de Policía de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía". http://www.cartujo.org/pag(a9).htm. Retrieved 2007-10-23. (Spanish)
- ↑ Articles 140 and 141. Spanish Constitution of 1978
- ↑ "CNN.com - Catalonians vote for more autonomy - Jun 18, 2006". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/06/18/catalonia.vote/index.html.
- ↑ Global Education Reform | Decentralization and SBM Resource Kit
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Keating, M. (2006). Federalism and the Balance of Power in European States. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Accessed: 10 December 2007
- ↑ Preliminary Title. First Article. Statute of Autonomy of the Community of Madrid
- ↑ Fourth Transitional Provision. Spanish Constitution of 1978
- ↑ Poll made by Leonese Provincial Government in 1980.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 Not an official language but is protected and regulated, and spoken by a local minority.
External links
- Information about Spain's Autonomous Communities from rulers.org
- Relations between tiers – CityMayors feature
- Maps of the Autonomous Communities of Spain
- Maps of the Autonomous Communities of Spain in Chinese
- David Brighty. State and region: the Spanish experience.
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